- approaches:
- database change data capture (CDC, data pull)
- triggers (push)

- supports incremental data ingestion
Pros
- minimal impact on the source system
- the fastest and best-performing way to get data out of SAP
Cons
- does not contain business or application logic
- low-level data model
- ~90k tables for SAP ECC
- 40k-60k tables for SAP S/4HANA
- data model very different for ECC and S/4HANA
- accessing database-level data may require the SAP Enterprise License
- higher cost of data ingestion, postprocessing and storage
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